2. Multifunctionality of agriculture (MOA) The concept of Multifunctionality of agriculture A first appeared in the international community at the Rio Conference in 1992. In 1995, the term ‘multifunctionality’ was first used officially during the 50th-anniversary commemoration ministerial meeting of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) held in Quebec, Canada (Kang, 2007). A..

4.2.2 Latent class model and Heterogeneity problems Meanwhile, the estimation in the above section has a problem not considering heterogeneity in preferences of environmental attributes. Recent CE studies on MFA found heterogeneous preferences. For example, Dominguez-Torreiro and Solino (2011) analyzed CE data on multifunctional rural development policies using random parameter logit (mixed logi..

2.1 The NetherlandsThe Netherlands recognized the problem of loss of landscape value due to an increase in agricultural production in the 1970s. In 1975 this resulted in a national policy scheme for the conservation of nature and landscape on farmland, in designated areas, with acknowledged nature and landscape qualities. Income compensation payments were paid to farmers who are willing to conse..

3.3 Differences between Multifunctional agriculture and Multifunctionality of agriculture Multifunctionality of agriculture and Multifunctional agriculture are clearly distinguished. Multifunctionality of agriculture is defined as the numerous benefits in agriculture which may have multiple outputs and accordingly may contribute to the achievement of several societal objectives at once (OECD, 20..

3.2 Multifunctional agriculture’s functions Figure 2.5 shows the organic relationship between the role and the functions of agriculture presented by the IAASTD (2008a). Van der Ploeg and Roep’s (2003) basic theory of Multifunctional agriculture is represented by regrounding, deepening and broadening, but no specific functions or effects are explained. Jung (2014) described the functions of Multi..

3.1 Multifunctional agriculture’s definition In 1998, the EU funded a study (the EU IMPACT study) aiming to investigate the extent of diversification in the EU farms. Since then, numerous studies have been carried out on this topic with the same purpose. In 2003, with the completion of the LEADER programme, the discussion on utilizing the Multifunctionality of agriculture appeared during a scien..